Honors Pre-calculus Review 51 – 54 - Blue Valley Schools Answers
Choosing the material to build a boardwalk out of tin be tricky. Never mind the amount of people traipsing over the matter; being located on the shore, information technology is discipline to table salt spray. And in a place with 4 seasons, the forest is subjected to brutally humid summers and freezing cold winters.
And so what did people make boardwalks out of, in the days before pressure level-treated lumber? In the late 1800s Atlantic City put up the first large-calibration public boardwalk in the United States. For material they used Atlantic White Cedar, conveniently harvested from New Bailiwick of jersey's nearby forests. Technically non a cedar at all, but a cypress, the tree grew well in wet areas and was naturally rot-resistant.
Ironically, these first-class backdrop are what made the wood an unsustainable option. In a 1934 book called "Copse You Desire to Know," American botanist Donald Culross Peattie wrote that Atlantic White Cedar would "endure moisture indefinitely," and wood that weathered well was in need; lots of folks began using it for fencing and roof shingles. As information technology became popular, nosotros started overlogging information technology, and soon it became both expensive and scarce.
Atlantic City thus had to notice a dissimilar woods to maintain, repair and update their boardwalk, and they switched over to Western Red Cedar. The stuff was besides pricey considering it had to be shipped in from the Pacific Northwest, simply it was easier to go than Atlantic White Cedar; and existence a rainforest wood, it dealt well with moisture.
The rising of pesticides changed the wood game subsequently Globe War II. Past the 1950s Atlantic City had switched materials once again, this fourth dimension going with chemically-treated Southern Yellow Pine. Relatively affordable, this is the same stuff that wooden roller coasters, similar Coney Isle's famous Cyclone, were made of.
Speaking of Coney Island, we tin presume they followed the same woods "nutrition" for their boardwalk erected in the 1920s, though nosotros don't know for sure. What we do know for sure is that Coney Island'due south boardwalk, officially called the Riegelmann Boardwalk, was the kickoff to switch over to a tropical rainforest woods. In the 1960s they began using Ipe, and Atlantic Metropolis followed adjust.
Ipe ain't inexpensive—as well called Brazilian Walnut, the stuff has to be shipped in from Central or South America—while chemically-treated Southern Xanthous Pine was easily available and relatively affordable. So why the switch? Because boards fabricated from Southern Yellow Pine needed to be replaced every ten years, bringing with it loftier maintenance costs. Pricey but hard-wearing Ipe was reckoned to last for 25 years. At some point, some bean-counter worked out the math and the switch was made.
Ipe is strong, dense, and super-durable. Information technology's rot-resistant, insect-resistant and even naturally fire-resistant, and the boards laid at Coney Island did indeed last for ii and a half decades before needing to exist replaced.
However, there will not be another wood replacement cycle at Coney Island. Amongst potent opposition, the NYC Parks Section has announced that the Boardwalk volition now be topped with concrete and recycled plastic formed to look like woods. The Parks Department cites the environmental concerns of continuing to harvest tropical rainforest wood and the maintenance costs; preservationists argue that natural woods is an essential ingredient of the Boardwalk's very identity. Only yesterday in that location was another rally in Brooklyn protesting the programme.
Pentagram Design'south Paula Scher, a member of the Public Design Commission tasked with assessing the plan when it was announced in 2012, then told the Times:
"If you lot remember nosotros're happy that forest is being replaced past cloth we notice less appealing, that is certainly non the case.... It's called a Boardwalk, and if you lot use other material, it loses its identity. I sympathise that, but it'southward so much amend to accept a surface to walk on next to the embankment.
"We beloved our icons of the past, and sometimes you can preserve them," Ms. Scher said, simply "things take changed."
Some materials, of grade, change more slowly than others. The plastic stuff will reportedly last for 75 years.
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